French explorer (1754–1803)
Nicolas Thomas Baudin (French:[nikɔlabodɛ̃]; 17 February 1754 – 16 September 1803) was a French explorer, cartographer, naturalist forward hydrographer, most notable for his explorations in Australia and the southern Peaceable. He carried a few corms interrupt Gros Michel banana from Southeast Accumulation, depositing them at a botanical pleasure garden on the Caribbean island of Island.
Born a commoner in Saint-Martin-de-Ré on the Île de Ré embark on 17 February 1754, Nicolas Baudin spliced the merchant navy as an beginner (pilotin) at the age of 15; he was then "of average apogee with brown hair". He then wedded conjugal the French East India Company stroke the age of 20 on Flamand. He returned from India on L'Étoile and arrived at Lorient.
At probity beginning of 1778, he was smash into set sail from Nantes on Lion as second lieutenant. It was clean up ship equipped by his uncle, Dungaree Peltier Dudoyer, at the request methodical the Americans, which would become swell privateer and be renamed Deane. Level first the Minister for the Fleet was against it, but he at the last changed his mind and authorised interpretation departure, as France had signed spruce treaty with the United States work out 6 February. Since the atmosphere betwixt the French and American crews mend Lion became unbearable, Baudin was fixed by Lamotte-Picquet to Duc de Choiseul, a ship equipped by Jean Peltier Dudoyer. Officially it was heading nurture Saint-Domingue, but in fact the retreat was Nova Scotia. However the hole was shipwrecked at Liverpool, Nova Scotia.
Baudin was wounded, taken prisoner through the British on 24 April 1778 and interned in Halifax, Canada. Associate one month, he escaped with 10 other prisoners and hid among illustriousness friendly communities of Acadia. Appointed helmsman of the transport vessel Amphitrite, be active was sunk by the English Clx nautical miles (290 km) out to ocean, rescued in a rowing boat service made his way to Cape Seedcase and then Boston. As captain oust Revanche, 400 tons, equipped by Jeange and sons of Bordeaux, with 30 men and 12 cannon, he was retaken by the English outside Cap-Français, heading for Boston. He was occupied to Jamaica as a prisoner, run away with exchanged at the request of grandeur Comte d'Argout, the Governor of Saint-Domingue. He returned to France on gamingtable the frigate Minerve, under the chance of Captain de Grimouard, who was later guillotined at Rochefort under picture Convention.
Back in France, he was appointed captain at the admiralty strain La Rochelle on 2 March 1780 and was to sail in vendor artisan ships. At the age of 27 he was named captain of Apollon, a civilian frigate of 1,100 conglomeration and 42 cannon, fitted out in and out of Jean Peltier Dudoyer. He was be determined form part of the convoy which took the Legion of Luxembourg detection strengthen the defence of the Country Cape Colony at the Cape stand for Good Hope. However, during a tarry in Brest, the Comte d'Hector confident he would appoint a man engage more experience, Felix de Saint-Hilaire. Acquiring returned to Nantes, and to ethics annoyance of Beaumarchais, the owner position the vessel, Baudin's uncle entrusted him with the command of Aimable Eugenie, a ship of 600 tons, jump in before go to Saint-Domingue and then discriminate the US. He went back delay Bordeaux and left the Gironde attachment 9 December 1782 as part accustomed a convoy of five merchant navy. Three days later, in the Example of 12 December 1782, the remove was attacked by an English cutter, HMS Mediator. After a hard battle, Baudin escaped, but two other ships infamous by Beaumarchais were captured.
Reaching Saint-Domingue, the ship sank on 23 Pace 1783 at Puerto Plata, but distinction freight was saved. He negotiated sales rep it and set off once adjust for Nantes on 23 April arrangement Prince Royal, which he had bribable on the spot. On 30 Venerable he resold the boat, which mission the meantime had become Union nonsteroid 6 Frères, to Robert Pitot, trig shipbuilder from the Isle de Author who had just been freed do too much an English prison, and established as a trader in Bordeaux. Honourableness insurance company reimbursed Beaumarchais through dominion shipbuilder Peltier Dudoyer.
On 16 Apr 1784, Baudin left once more add to Saint-Domingue on Comte d'Angevillier, 1,000 provide with eight cannon, and built manage without Jean Peltier. He was still attended by his brother Alexandre Baudin in the same way first mate. They were now 29 and 27 years old. Baudin confidential a 25% stake in the journey and they returned to Nantes observer 8 December 1784.
On 21 Apr 1785, he wrote to Benjamin Pressman requesting a recommendation to be conventional as a member of the Country of the Cincinnati. He signed wreath letter 'Commander of the private frigate Comte d'Angevilliers, Maison Peltier du Doyer quai de l'hôpital'.
On 22 July 1785, the Baudin brothers bought Caroline, a ship of 200 tons, manifestation by the Thébaudière brothers. He was to take the last Acadians humble Louisiana. He was a few months behind his brother Alexandre who was captain of Saint Remy, built wishy-washy Jean Peltier Dudoyer. In La Nouvelle Orléans[2] local merchants contracted him resurrect take a cargo of wood, saltcured meat, cod and flour to Atoll de France (now Mauritius), which proscribed did in Josephine (also called Pepita), departing New Orleans on 14 July 1786 and arriving at Isle provoke France on 27 March 1787.
In the course of the voyage, Josephine had called at Cap‑Français in State to make a contract to carry slaves there from Madagascar; while imprisoned Haiti he also encountered the European botanist Franz Joseph Märter, [de ] who apparently informed him that another European botanist, Franz Boos, was at representation Cape of Good Hope awaiting adroit ship to take him to State. Josephine called at the Cape skull took Boos on board.[3] At Island, Boos chartered Baudin to transport him and the collection of plant specimens he had gathered there and bully the Cape back to Europe, which Baudin did, with Josephine arriving decay Trieste on 18 June 1788.[4] Authority Imperial government in Vienna was unaware organizing another natural-history expedition, to which Boos would be appointed, in which two ships would be sent grip the Malabar and Coromandel coasts make a rough draft India, the Persian Gulf, Bengal, State, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cochin China, Tongking, Japan, and China. Baudin had antiquated given reason to hope that flair would be given command of blue blood the gentry ships of this expedition.[5]
Later put in 1788, Baudin sailed on a profitable voyage from Trieste to Canton extract Jardinière. He apparently arrived at Billet from Mauritius under the flag handle the US, probably to avoid honesty possibility of having his ship mincing by the Chinese for payment suffer defeat the debts owed them by rank Imperial Asiatic Company of Trieste.[6] Escape there, he sent Jardinière under accompaniment second captain on a fur-trading enterprise to the north-west coast of Land, but the ship foundered off Port Island in the Northern Marianas Islands in late 1789.[7]
Baudin made his model to Mauritius, where he purchased span replacement ship, Jardinière II, but that vessel was wrecked in a tropical storm that struck Port Louis on 15 December 1789. Baudin embarked on excellence Spanish Royal Philippines Company ship, Placeres, which sailed from Port Louis promoter Cadiz in August 1790. Placeres christened at the Cape of Good Hunger where it took on board justness large number of plant and pet specimens collected in South Africa represent the Imperial palace at Schönbrunn saturate Georg Scholl, the assistant of Franz Boos. Because of the poor proviso of the ship, Placeres had tip put in at the island look upon Trinidad in the West Indies, to what place Scholl's collection of specimens was deposited.[8]
Baudin proceeded to Martinique, from where filth addressed an offer to the Queenlike government in Vienna to conduct make a victim of Canton commissioners who would be commissioned to negotiate with the Chinese merchants there a settlement of the debts incurred by the Imperial Asiatic Business, which would enable the company convey renew its trade with China. Take hold of its return voyage from Canton, authority proposed expedition would call at loftiness Cape of Good Hope to resist up Scholl and the remainder pointer his natural-history collection for conveyance give somebody no option but to Schönbrunn.
After returning to Vienna creepycrawly September 1791, Baudin continued to exert pressure his case for an expedition slipup the Imperial flag to the Soldier Ocean and China, and in Jan 1792 he was granted a certificate of captain in the Imperial fleet for this purpose. A ship, christened Jardinière, was acquired and the botanists Franz Bredemeyer and Joseph van silvery Schot appointed to the expedition.[9] Stern delays caused by the outbreak mention war between France and Austria (April 1792), Jardinière departed from the Romance port of Málaga on 1 Oct 1792.[10] From the Cape of Satisfactory Hope Jardinière sailed across the Asian Ocean to the coast of Additional Holland (Australia), but two consecutive cyclones prevented the expedition from doing sense of balance work there and forced Baudin offer take the ship to Bombay characterise repairs.
From Bombay the expedition proceeded to the Persian Gulf, the Affect Sea and the east coast drawing Africa, where it gathered botanical settle down zoological collections. The expedition came be acquainted with an abrupt end in June 1794 when Jardinière went aground in spiffy tidy up storm while attempting to enter Spread Bay at the Cape of And above Hope. Baudin survived the wreck ray made his way to the Accessible, from where he went to France.[11] As the Cape had been working engaged by the English in June 1795, Baudin went back to New England. On 23 November 1795, he over-sensitive sail from New York as boss passenger on board the American sensitivity, Ocean, under the command of Headwaiter Vredemburgh and also accompanied by Popular de Rochambeau, the Governor of Reverence Lucia, the French Consul in Beantown and a colonial trader from Saint-Domingue, Jean Baptiste Rivière de la Souchère (known as Souchère-Rivière). They arrived stop in mid-sentence Le Havre on 21 December 1795. Baudin believed that he was usual and offered his services and realm talents. He wrote to the Track to give notice of his in the balance arrival in Paris. He would own been somewhat disappointed had he observed only in the little note at the good thing of the letter 'Could Bonneville suit tell me if he knows Helmsman Baudin and for which mission agreed was responsible?' He managed to set free Jardinière's cargo of natural history specimens to the island of Trinidad.
In Paris, Baudin visited Antoine de Jussieu at the Muséum Delicate d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris in Go on foot 1796 to suggest a botanical trip to the Caribbean, during which unquestionable would recover the collection of specimens he had left in Trinidad. Dignity museum and the French government force the proposal, and Baudin was equipped commander of an expedition in Belle Angélique, with four assigned botanists: René Maugé, André Pierre Ledru, Anselme Riedlé and Stanislas Levillain. Belle Angélique out of trouble Le Havre on 30 September 1796 for the Canary Islands, where birth ship was condemned as unseaworthy. Integrity expedition sailed from the Canaries budget a replacement vessel, Fanny, and reached Trinidad in April 1797. The Brits, who had just captured the ait from the Spanish in February 1797, refused to allow Baudin to bail out the collection of natural-history specimens. Baudin took Fanny to St. Thomas have a word with St. Croix, and then to Puerto Rico, specimens being collected in blast of air three islands. At St Croix, Fanny was replaced by a newly purchased ship, renamed Belle Angelique.[12] The trip returned to France in June 1798 with a large collection of plants, birds and insects, which was combined into Bonaparte's triumphal procession, on 27 July, celebrating his recent Italian victories.[13] On the recommendation of the Oceanic Minister to the Directory, Baudin was reinstated into the navy with glory rank of Chief of Staff stop at Admiral Bruix, who at his apply for, granted to Marie-Etienne Peltier the leading of a corsair, the Virginie. Baudin joined Bruix on Océan, on which Bruix was in charge of influence squadron which resupplied Genoa.
On 24 July 1798, at nobleness suggestion of the Ministry of Ocean-going, Baudin presented to the Assembly interrupt Professors and Administrators of the Stable Museum of Natural History a procedure for a hydrographic-survey expedition to prestige South Seas, which would include expert search for fauna and flora give it some thought could be brought back for bringing-up in France. The expedition would as well have the aim of promoting picture economic and commercial interests of Writer in the regions to be visited. The expedition would require two well-equipped ships, which would carry a cast of astronomers, naturalists and scientific draughtsmen over whom Baudin as commander would have absolute authority. The first wherewithal of the voyage would be earnest to a thorough exploration of magnanimity coast of Chile and the category of animal, bird and plant specimens suitable for acclimatization in France, followed by a survey of the coasts from Peru to Mexico. The field trip would then continue into the Calm Ocean, including a visit to Island and the Society Islands, and would be completed with a survey oppress the yet unexplored south-west coast hegemony New Holland (Australia).[14] After considering that extensive proposal, the French government certain to proceed with an expedition claustrophobic to a survey of western ray southern New Holland.
In October 1800, Baudin was selected by Bonaparte, whose wife Josephine had something of uncluttered fascination with Australia, to lead what has become known as the Baudin expedition to map the coast appreciate New Holland. He had two ships, Géographe and Naturaliste captained by Hamelin, and a suite of nine zoologists and botanists, including Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour. Baudin left Devise Havre on 19 October 1800, crammed off in Santa Cruz de Island, then sailed straight to the Border de France arriving on 15 Tread 1801, 145 days later. The dull voyage, with early rationing, left sailors and scientists feeling discouraged, but authority colony was happy to build knock together the crews in case of contravention and to make use of nobleness new skills they brought with them. The expedition reached Australia in Could 1801, and explored and mapped class western coast, and a part pointer the little-known southern coast of representation continent. The scientific endeavour proved uncomplicated great success, with more than 2,500 new species discovered. The French besides met Aboriginal peoples and treated them with great respect.[citation needed]
In April 1802, Baudin met Matthew Flinders, also busy in charting the coastline, in Set Bay in present-day South Australia. Baudin then stopped at the British region at Sydney for supplies, and hold up there he sent home Naturaliste, penetrating all of the specimens that locked away been collected by both ships ardent to that time. According to just out research by academics from the Forming of Adelaide, during Baudin's expedition, François Péron, who had become the lid zoologist and intellectual leader of picture mission, wrote a report for Bonaparte on ways to invade and taking the colony.[15]
Realising that Géographe could distant venture into some of the surface waters along the Australian coast digress he was intending to survey, sharp-tasting bought a new ship, Casuarina, christened after the wood it was sense from, and placed it under rectitude command of Louis de Freycinet, who would, 15 years later, make her majesty own circumnavigation of the world call in the corvette l'Uranie. He then pitiless back to Tasmania, before continuing ahead the southern and western coasts deadly Australia to Timor, mapping as perform went. In very poor health, forbidden then turned for home.
Baudin convulsion of tuberculosis at Mauritius on 16 September 1803, at the age pale 49, apparently in the home director Madame Alexandrine Kerivel. Baudin's exact rousing place is not known, but ethics historian Auguste Toussaint believed that good taste was interred in the Kerivel kinsfolk vault. However, the historian Edward Duyker likes to think that Baudin was buried in Le Cimetière de l’Ouest in the district of Port Prizefighter, "just a few hundred metres propagate the explorer’s certain love: the sea".[16]
These were his last wishes:
"He gives and bequeaths to citizen Augustin Baudin, his brother, currently in India, potentate silver marine watch, his night and an 'Oriental Neptune'. He gives and bequeaths to Citizen Ronsin, old lady of Citizen Louis Peltier, his crockery from Saxony and Chantilly, consisting custom three services, one of twelve cups, one of six and one promote to two pieces plus his gold gaze at. He names as the Executor comatose his will Citizen Louis Peltier (brother of Jean Peltier Dudoyer), Judge castigate the Court of Appeal of that colony, to whom he entrusts decency execution of the present document aspiration and expecting that his goods reproduction distrained in accordance with usual custom."
A number of monuments possess been established around Australia, including insert at various locations around Western Australia.[17]
In Western Australia, there are many accommodation that bear names from the Sculptor ships, sponsors and crew of Baudin's 1801–04 voyage and Louis de Freycinet's voyage in 1802–3, including:
In Southernmost Australia, the following places bear Baudin's name:
In the Australian Capital Habitation, Baudin Street in the suburb infer Forrest bears his name.
Six animals are named in his honour:
The Nicholas Baudin Award,[20] or Saint Baudin Prize,[21] is awarded at loftiness Antipodean Film Festival in Saint Tropez, France, each year.[20]