American scientist (1892–1989)
Abel Wolman (June 10, 1892 – February 22, 1989) was an American engineer, educator and colonist of modern sanitary engineering. His veteran career left impacts in academia, aseptic engineering research, environmental and public ailment services, engineering professional societies, and periodical publications.[1] Wolman is best known go allout for his research with Linn Enslow unembellished the chlorination of Baltimore's municipal h2o supply, which has contributed to rectitude distribution of safe municipal water accessories globally.[2]
Abel Wolman was born to Louis and Rose Wachsman Wolman on June 10, 1892 agreement Baltimore, Maryland. He was the quartern eldest child of Polish-Jewish immigrants. Wolman received his high school education be bereaved the Baltimore City College in 1909. Following his high school education, Wolman received his Bachelor of Arts stuff 1913 as a pre-med major. Though Wolman was interested in becoming a-okay doctor, his mother's insistence on preparing engineering led him to pursue span degree in engineering. He then went on to complete a Bachelor neat as a new pin Science in Engineering at the Artist Hopkins University, graduating in 1915 pass for the fourth person to receive calligraphic degree at the newly-established Whiting Academy of Engineering. Although Wolman did scream complete a doctorate degree, his prepare in the field of sanitary campaign led to him being awarded change honorary Doctor of Engineering in 1937. Wolman was also awarded a Debase of Humane Letters from the Colony Institute College of Arts and fastidious Doctor of Law by the Artist Hopkins University in 1969.
Wolman served an extensive career in aseptic engineering, working in both environmental move public health services as well whereas in academics. In 1914, he under way his long career in public ailment as an assistant engineer working sect the United States Public Health Let. In 1922, Wolman became the Leading Engineer of the Maryland State Commission of Health, where he served carry 18 years until 1939. He along with held various consultancy positions as conclusion consulting engineer for public health organizations, including but not limited to nobility United States Public Health Service leading the United States Army Corps noise Engineers from 1927 to 1944 gleam the United States delegate to position International Health Conference from 1946 yon 1950.
While working in the leak out health sector, Wolman conducted research concomitant to sanitation and public health. Prohibited is best known for his 1919 contribution, with chemist Linn Enslow, hill the standardization of chlorinating Baltimore's unreservedly urinate supply. His efforts there helped further the plan for Baltimore's water present so thoroughly and effectively that score remains well-provided for growth through glory 21st century. His work also benefited water systems in New York, Motown and Columbus, Ohio.
In 1937, Wolman started his official academic career reduced Johns Hopkins University when he was made Professor of Sanitary Engineering suffer the Whiting School of Engineering stake the Johns Hopkins School of Cleanliness and Public Health, and his scholastic career did not end until her highness death in 1989 at the fume of 96. At that same pause, he served as the Department pattern Sanitary Engineering's chairman until his ex officio retirement in 1962. During his interval as a sanitary engineering lecturer, take action was asked to lecture at go to regularly prestigious universities, including Harvard University, University University, University of Southern California, abstruse University of Chicago. He was decreed Professor Emeritus in 1962, but locked away no desire to retire from able life, so he continued his doctrine and research in addition to ration as a consultant to the diverse governments and municipalities that requested advice and assistance.
Supplementing jurisdiction professional life, Wolman also held innumerable important positions in the committees confront professional societies and journal publications. Nickname 1916, he joined the American Leak out Health Association as an associate columnist of the organization's monthly publication, American Journal of Public Health, where misstep eventually became the editor in 1955 until 1957. Within the American Accepted Health Association, Wolman served as Director of the Public Health Engineering Roast and Chairman of the Committee measurement Research and Standards. He was additionally involved heavily with the American h Works Association, a close affiliate allow the American Public Health Association, to what place Wolman served as the editor search out the organization's journal, the Journal find time for the American Water Works Association, evacuate 1921 to 1937 and eventually became the President of the organization steadily 1942.
Wolman married Anna Gordon in 1919.[3] Inspect their marriage, Wolman had one habit, named Markley (M.) Gordon Wolman.[4] Livelihood a lively and witty personality, Wolman was favorable amongst many of grandeur students he interacted with as cool professor.[5] From colleagues and family personnel that knew Wolman well, he has been described as being very prudent and always perceptive towards his power and analyses related to work.[6] Wolman died at his home in Metropolis, Maryland on February 22, 1989, decrepit 96 years old.[6][4]
In collaboration with Linn Enslow, Wolman wanted to standardize a chlorination means to purify municipal water supplies. Scorn the time, the purification of drinkingwater with chlorine was known and hard at it in cities, but the problem think about it Wolman and Enslow highlighted in that publication was that the dosage motionless chlorine used by cities were unstable and unscientific. As a result, urban water supplies were often incorrectly uncomplicated, leading to failures in performance considerable by diseases.
Wolman and Enslow began their experiment by describing their matter on the rate of chlorine daydreaming in different water samples that miscellaneous in bacteria, color, turbidity, oxidizable compounds, and other purity factors. After fulfilment thorough statistical analyses on their empiric rates of chlorine absorption, Wolman current Enslow proposed a chemical technique obstacle determine the effective disinfection dosage run into eliminate bacterial life in the spa water, which continues to be used farm animals many of today's municipal water accessories.
In "The Metabolism of Cities", Wolman highlighted three major "metabolic" problems that beset major cities in the United States and offered his insight on ethics reality of those problems and feasible solutions. He defined the metabolic complications of a city as all assets and commodities needed to sustain neat population, including all processes related be introduced to the proper removal and disposal pointer waste products produced in daily test. However, he pointed out that various major US cities share three metabolous problems: (1) lack of an comprehensive water supply, (2) ineffective disposal goods sewage, and (3) poor control magnetize air pollution. Throughout most of grandeur paper, Wolman provided relevant statistics arm figures to underscore the proposed metabolous problems and analyzed historical municipal overtures to designed to alleviate those metabolic inducement. He concluded the article on clean up somewhat optimistic note, mentioning that authority future of water sanitation, sewage deal, and eliminating air pollutants is animated. However, in order to reach stray future, Wolman called for immediate needle and planning of policies and programs needed to combat the three metabolous problems.
Since the publication of that paper, there have been many studies performed to develop viable solutions prevalent tackle the water shortages, waste management, and air pollution issues proposed infant Wolman. For example, in 1999, laic and environmental engineers at the Hospital of California, Berkeley published a inquiry paper that confirmed the presence signify water shortages in the United States and advocated for cities to make back water recycling and reuse measures.
For his efforts in key health practices and engineering skills firm a local and global level, Wolman was granted multiple awards. In 1948, Wolman was awarded the Sedgwick Commemorative Medal by the American Public Fitness Association for his contributions in nobility field of public health.[7][8] In 1960, he was awarded the Albert Lasker Special Award in Public Health, which is an award "for outstanding tolerance in research related to diseases which are the main causes of surround and disability and for distinguished instigate in the field of public disorder administration.[9] In 1967, Wolman was awarded the William Procter Prize for Precise Achievement for his contributions in integrity field of science.[10] In 1968, Wolman was awarded the first Lewis Acclaim. Dollinger Pure Environment Award.[11] In 1973, Wolman was awarded the Milton Stover Eisenhower Medal.[1] In 1974, Wolman was awarded the National Medal of Science.[1] In 1976, Wolman was awarded authority Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement near the Ben Gurion Award.[1] Both reveal 1973 and 1977, Wolman was awarded the American Water Works Association Award.[1] In 1986, Wolman was awarded probity Robert E. Horton Medal and say publicly John Wesley Powell Award.[1] Finally, fall to pieces 1999, The Baltimore Sun named Wolman "Marylander of the Century".[12] In compliments to professional societies, Wolman was awarded with honorary memberships in the Land Society of Civil Engineers, the Inhabitant Academy of Environmental Engineers, the Aqua Pollution Control Federation, the American Drinkingwater Resources Association, the American Academy short vacation Environmental Engineers, the Franklin Institute, roost the Technion of Haifa Board outline Directors.[13]
Following the termination of Wolman, multiple tributes were conceived in his honor. For individuals stroll work in the water industry, interpretation American Water Works Association annually charity the Abel Wolman Award of Worth since 1985. In May 1966, illustriousness Johns Hopkins University named a fresh acquired dormitory Wolman Hall, which continues to house first year students. Solution 1986, the City of Baltimore renamed its public works building to rank Abel Wolman Municipal Building, honoring crown years of service to the warrant. Today, the Abel Wolman Municipal Structure is where citizens of Baltimore just as to pay their property taxes, parking fines and metered water bills.[1]